On the other hand, by the production of cytokines from both B and T Cells and by suppressing the inflammation, vitamin D modulates the adaptive immune system ( Holick, 2007). In one hand the innate immune system enhanced by vitamin D via inducing an antimicrobial peptide called cathelicidin that assists in infection prevention. other than its effects on bone metabolism, these include effect on immune system (both the innate and adaptive) such as cell proliferation and differentiation as well as immunologic effects resulting incapability to maintain tolerance and promotion of protective immunity ( Keflie et al., 2019). Now studies focus on the non-classical functions of vitamin D, i.e. Recent research shows that the risk of vitamin D deficiency includes many bacterial infections for instance both respiratory and urinary tract infections ( Laaksi et al., 2007, Lane and Takhar, 2011). There are several health consequences associated with the vitamin D deficiency including bone problems (as osteoporosis) ( Winzberg and Jones, 2013) autoimmune diseases (as Pre-eclampsia) and infections ( Hertting et al., 2010, Hewison et al., 2001). By measuring the blood plasma concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, vitamin D deficiency can be diagnosed (Deficiency being less than 10 ng/ml, Insufficient: 10–29 ng/ml, Sufficient: 30–70 ng/ml and Potential intoxication: more than 70) ( Hewison, 2012, Holick et al., 2011, Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board, 2010).
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Both can be found in food or as supplements ( Holick, 2006). Vitamin D2 and D3 which are otherwise known as ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol are the most important in humans. Increasing intestinal absorption of phosphate, magnesium and calcium multiple other biological effects are the responsibility of vitamin D, which is a group of fat-soluble secosteroids ( Bakacak et al., 2015). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency can play role in decreasing the risk of many chronic illnesses, including common cancers, autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and cardiovascular disease ( Amdekar et al., 2011, Holick, 2004). It is estimated that In Africa and Asia, more than 80% of the people are prone to vitamin D deficiency ( Keflie et al., 2015, Ritu and Gupta, 2014). One-third of the worldwide population suffers from vitamin D hypovitaminosis due to inadequate exposure to sunlight ( Adams et al., 2007, Holick, 2004). Vitamin D mean levels in the case group was considerably lower when in comparison with the control group (11.09 ± 7.571 ng/mL vs. Analysis and comparison of the results were done among the two groups. Using ELISA, Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were measured. The women were between at 17–52 years of age. 75 women with (case group) UTI were differentiated with 35 healthy with no UTI (control group) and 40 women with UTI and their serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were checked in a case control study. As women at this age group have specific differences in their urinary tract and the reproductive organ anatomy, make them more prone for micro-organisms' invasion, The present study was carried out to ascertain certain relation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and UTI in women while contemplating the significance of knowing the risk factors associated with UTI and also finding ways to avoid serious complications. Therefore it has positive regulatory role in both acute and recurrent infections especially in women of reproductive ages. Vitamin D has a potential role in immune regulation and it prevents infections especially urinary tract infections (UTI). Our main objective of this study was to determine the hypothesis that the vitamin D deficiency among women can lead to them developing frequent urinary tract infections.
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Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) deficiency has been documented as a persistent problem among adults, children, and elderly persons in most of the countries.
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Vitamin D (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D) deficiency causes many health problems such as autoimmune diseases, Crohn’s disease, diabetes, inflammation, asthma, hypertension, and cancer. Vitamin D deficiency is a pandemic problem and an ever-increasing issue in human nutrition and health.